Provisioning- The Weapon Of The Financial Institutions.

There is a direct correlation of profit loss in business with provision of preservation. The financial statement of the business is prepared every year at a particular time. On the date on which the accounting statement is prepared, some issues remain uncertain. There may be some costs that will need to be paid in the near future, but the time or quantity of payment is not guaranteed right now. For example, a profit bonus will be given to the employees of a portion of net profits of the year 31 December 2017. It will be 5% of the net profit or 7% will be fixed later. In this case, profit bonus protection is preserved. Provisioning means that the expenditure will be made in the future, showing the amount of profit (right) shown in the cost of this year, so that the future cost should not be reduced to the extent of profit.

Provisioning is a program of modern accounting where some part of the profit is removed so that any liability that will be spent on future money or resources is paid. The institution can not figure out the exact amount or the exact duration of the future or the amount of time spent on it, but the institution will be fair about the cost.

For example, provision is made for income tax. The institution knows that after a few days income tax is to be given, it is not yet certain how much to pay, as the tax or tax sector may change. Banks have made provisions based on loan classification. The institution knows that it can not be possible to recover some debts, but it is not possible to ensure that the amount of debt will be unrealized. Since the bank will face losses in the future if the debt is not inadequate, it is showing low interest rates this year by showing that the loans will be unpredictable so that in the future the profits will not be reduced very much. The customer's compensation case against the organization is ongoing. With the possibility of losing the organization in the case, the provision will be preserved by showing this as the cost of financing this year so that the profits of the business will not suddenly get reduced in the future when paying the customer.

If the provision of this year is more than last year's provisional provision, the cost of this year will increase (profit will decrease). Likewise, if the provision of this year is less than last year's provisional provision, the cost of this year will be reduced or the profit will increase. Therefore, it is possible to make profit smoothing more than the amount of probation. In 1998, the International Accounting Standards Organization (IAB) published the calculation standard for provisioning which has been followed by most of the world including Bangladesh since 1999.

In accordance with international accounting standards, three conditions must be met for preservation. 1st Condition: There is no liability for any of the events in the past. Behavioral liability will mean liability which is not legally bound to be done by the institution, but it is practiced according to the rules of the long run, such as profit bonus payment. Provision can not be saved for any work that will happen in the future. For example, a buyer will be selling the goods in the balance, which he can not pay; Provision can not be saved in this case. 2nd condition: It is fairly sure that the event will cost some of the organization. If the customer is sued against the organization, then the provision can not be saved until the matter is fully confirmed that the institution will lose the case. 3rd condition: In any event, the cost of the organization can be easily estimated.

Provision can not be saved in some cases below-

1. The provision of this year will not be preserved for the loss of the organization in the next year. As the incident happens in the future, the 1st condition has been violated.

2. The machinery will be repaired for the next year so that the provision can not be saved this year. Because the company is not legally obliged to repair the machine (1st condition).

3. The government has sued the organization to harm the environment. The provision can not be preserved because of not having the right hold on how much compensation can be made. (Anwar Parvez, ACCA)

Asset Liability Management

Definition of ALM (Asset Liability management ) and ALCO (Asset Liability Committee).

ALM:

Asset Liability Management (ALM) can be defined as a mechanism to address the risk faced by a bank due to a mismatch between assets and liabilities either due to liquidity or changes in interest rates. Liquidity is an institution’s ability to meet its liabilities either by borrowing or converting assets. Apart from liquidity, a bank may also have a mismatch due to changes in interest rates as banks typically tend to borrow short term (fixed or floating) and lend long term (fixed or floating).

A comprehensive ALM policy framework focuses on bank profitability and long term viability by targeting the net interest margin (NIM) ratio and Net Economic Value (NEV), subject to balance sheet constraints. Significant among these constraints are maintaining credit quality, meeting liquidity needs and obtaining sufficient capital.

ALCO:

Asset Liability Management (ALM) is an integral part of Bank Management; and so, it is essential to have a structured and systematic process for manage the Balance Sheet. Committee comprising of the senior management of the bank to make important decisions related to the Balance Sheet of the Bank (asset-Liability). The committee typically called the Asset Liability Committee (ALCO).

As per central bank guideline, the committee consists of the following key personnel of a bank:

- Chief Executive Officer / Managing Director

- Head of Treasury / Central Accounts Department

- Head of Finance

- Head of Corporate Banking

- Head of Consumer Banking

- Head of Credit

- Chief Operating Officer / Head of Operations

The committee calls for a meeting once every month to set and review strategies.

The key roles and responsibilities of the ALM Desk.

1) To assume overall responsibilities of Money Market activities.

2) To manage liquidity and interest rate risk of the bank.

3) To comply with the local central bank regulations in respect of bank’s statutory obligations as well as thorough understanding of the risk elements involved with the business.

4) Understanding of the market dynamics i.e competition, potential target markets etc.

5) Provide inputs to the Treasurer regarding market views and update the balance sheet movement.

6) Deal within the dealer’s authorized limit.

Description of "absence of good/effective ALM of a bank may lead it to different crisis jeopardizing image and foundation of the bank?"

In banking, asset liability management is the practice of managing the risks that arise due to mismatches between the assets and liabilities (debts and assets) of the bank. Banks face several risks such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit and operational risk. Asset/Liability management (ALM) is a strategic management tool to manage Asset, Liability, spread of interest rate and liquidity risk faced by banks & Financial Institutions.

In absence of good/effective ALM of a bank may lead it to following crisis:

Liquidity risk:

the current and prospective risk arising when the bank is unable to meet its obligations as they come due without adversely affecting the bank's financial conditions.

Interest rate risk:

The risk of losses resulting from movements in interest rates and their impact on future cash-flows. One of the primary causes are mismatches in terms of bank deposits and loans.

Currency risk management:

The risk of losses resulting from movements in exchanges rates. To the extent that cash-flow assets and liabilities are denominated in different currencies.

Funding and capital management:

As all the mechanism to ensure the maintenance of adequate capital on a continuous basis. (Usually a prospective time-horizon of 2 years).

Profit planning and growth:
Profit planning is required to make a sufficient growth for the organization itself.

In addition, ALM deals with aspects related to credit risk as this function is also to manage the impact of the entire credit portfolio (including cash, investments, and loans) on the balance sheet. The credit risk, specifically in the loan portfolio, is handled by a separate risk management function and represents one of the main data contributors to the ALM team.

Ending words :

So, it can be said undoubtedly that absence of good/effective ALM of a bank may lead it to different crisis jeopardizing image and foundation of the bank.

Cyber Insurance: The New Arrival Into IT World For Cyber Attack Protection.

General words of Cyber Insurance

Technological advancements have revolutionized the way online notices, advertisements, advancements, and shopping are finished. This has conveyed enormous advantages to organizations, who have now discovered better approaches to connect with the current and potential purchasers. The open door offered by online networking alone is rich for organizations that expect to lead comprehensive showcasing exercises. Nonetheless, online networking stages have additionally moved toward becoming roads of cyber-attacks. This has fashioned untold monetary misfortunes to a wide range of organizations – little, medium and huge. A valid example is the most recent assault from "wanna-cry'', a payment product that influenced organizations on a worldwide scale. Cyber-attacks can begin from anyplace. Organizations vast and little must be watchful and this is why it should hold a Cyber Insurance policy.

There are various ways that organizations can respond to the risk of cyber attacks with a specific end goal to ensure themselves and their customers. A few dangers are avoidable through the legitimate use of approaches like requiring solid passwords. Others may require further developed programming and checking. In any case, in any case, on the off chance that you manage customers on the web, or on the off chance that you keep vital individual data, you likely need cyber protection.

Cyber Insurance

Cyber insurance is an insurance item used to shield organizations and individual clients from Internet-based risks, and all the more by and large from risks identifying with data technology foundation and exercises. Risks of this nature are ordinarily rejected from conventional commercial general obligation approaches or if nothing else are not particularly characterized in customary insurance items. Coverage gave by cyber-insurance strategies may incorporate first-party coverage against misfortunes, for example, information demolition, blackmail, burglary, hacking, and dissent of administration assaults; risk coverage repaying organizations for misfortunes to others caused, for instance, by blunders and exclusions, inability to defend information, or slander; and different advantages including standard security-audit, post-episode advertising and investigative costs, and criminal reward funds. Cyber Insurance as a Way to Protect Your Data from Hacker Attacks

Types of Cyber Insurance

Cyber insurance is a risk management technique via which network user risks are transferred to an insurance company, in return for a fee, i.e., the insurance premium. Examples of potential cyber-insurers might include ISP, cloud provider, traditional insurance organizations. Proponents of cyber-insurance believe that cyber-insurance would lead to the design of insurance contracts that would shift appropriate amounts of self-defense liability to the clients, thereby making the cyberspace more robust. Here the term ‘self-defense' implies the efforts by a network user to secure their system through technical solutions such as anti-virus and anti-spam software, firewalls, using secure operating systems, etc. There are various types of cyber insurance-

Extortion:

Provides coverage for the expenses and costs related to the investigation of threats to commit cyber attacks against the policyholder's frameworks and for installments to scoundrels who debilitate to get and unveil delicate data.

Reputation Insurance:

Insurance against notoriety attacks and cyber defamation maligning.

Forensic investigation:

Covers the legitimate, specialized or legal administrations important to survey whether a cyber assault has happened, to evaluate the effect of the assault and to stop an assault or attack.

Business interruption:

Covers lost wage and related costs where a policyholder can't lead business due to a cyber event or information or data loss.

Computer data loss and restoration:

Covers physical harm to, or loss of utilization of, computer-related assets and resources, including the costs of recovering, restoring and reestablishing information or data, hardware, software or other information destroyed or damaged as the result of a cyber attack also.

Hacks range:

Insurance against cyber attacks and hacking attacks.

Theft and fraud:

Spreads obliteration or loss of the policyholder's information as the aftereffect of a criminal or deceitful cyber occasion, including robbery, transfer of the fund and exchange of assets.

To read more... Insurance and its types or categories.

Role of Cyber Insurance Providers

Cyber insurance Protection is an insurance set up that's meant to supply protection in the event of a cyber-attack. Firms face large losses and expenses within the event of a cyber-attack and also the cyber insurance set up is supposed to mitigate such eventualities. The idea of cyber insurance has fully grown enormously since 2005. It's projected to succeed in near to $8 billion in premiums inside future 3 some years.

Several firms within the USA have accomplished the necessity for finance in a very cyber insurance. Presently, near to thirty-fifth people businesses have non-inheritable cyber insurance policies of some kind, and their variety is growing daily.
The cyber insurance business is evolving at a wide-ranging rate. However, the magnitude of the cyber-attacks threat has not been totally appreciated for a handful of reasons.

First, several firms fail to report the complete extent of the damages they face from cyber-attacks for concern of negative packaging also.

Second, the character of cyber-attacks is usually dynamical. The 2 reasons straddle underwriters with a challenge on a way to worth the money impact of an attack.

Generally, a cyber-insurance policy can cowl the subsequent expenses:

1. Forensics Examination

Once an attack happens, it is crucial that a forensic examination is directed. The examination will uncover the full degree of the harm and what should we do to redress the circumstance. The forensic analysts will prompt the company on what should they do to effectively deflect or withstand any future cyber-attack threats.

2. Costs Arising from Lawsuits and Extortion

The policy will provide food for costs that emerge from claims favored against the company. A break of customer secrecy by a cyber-attack might occasion such claims. The policy additionally covers any statutory fines that might be forced on the business, the cost of lawful arrangements and any expenses caused because of cyber blackmail.

3. Administration Losses

The cyber insurance policy will meet the cost of misfortune because of disappointment by the company to convey benefit due to the cyber-attack. The administration interference might be because of network downtime or something else. Other administration costs that are secured by the cyber-insurance policy incorporate those of recuperating any lost data and completing the important PR exercises to repair the company's imprinted picture.

4. Data Alerts

The policy provides food for data cautions to clients following a rupture. This likewise incorporates checking the FICO assessment of clients whose qualifications and character may have been traded off amid the strike.

5. Others:

Some of the kinds of loss a company may experience during a cyber breach are:

• Costs of remediation, including the cost to improve security and prevent a similar breach going forward.
• The cost of customer breach notification, including legal costs and public relations.
• Expenses of customer compensation, including credit monitoring, service-level agreement penalties, refunds and contractual breaches.
• Costs of liability associated with the breach, including legal costs.
• Direct monetary loss through electronic theft.
• Losses due to extortion from DDoS blackmail or ransomware.
• Costs of mitigating and investigating the incident.
• Losses due to downtime.
• Losses from damage to data and systems, and the costs associated with restoring systems back to normal.

What do you look for in Cyber-insurance Coverage?

Various cyber insurance companies offer a rundown of things covered by their insurance policy. The purchaser can utilize these rundowns to thoroughly analyze different suppliers previously they settle on the one they see to be most open to their necessities. You can likewise use a free insurance office to enable you to look for the best esteem. For instance, since we are free, we can shop with numerous bearers for a wide range of insurance needs. Whatever the case, you should get some information about the accompanying parts of a cyber-insurance design:

A.

Does the backup plan redo the insurance coverage want to the requirements of their customers, or does it offer a one-measure fits-all sort of policy? Obviously, as the purchaser, an insurance firm will inspire you more that will tweak their items for your firm.

B.

How do deductibles look at among the different backup plans? Make sure to look into deductibles among different insurance suppliers to decide the ones with the best arrangements also.

C.

Does the insurance policy incorporate coverage for outsider suppliers? What are the cutoff points? On the off chance that outsider suppliers have cyber-insurance, by what means will this impact the terms of my agreement?

D.

Do the insurance policy cover APTs (Advanced Persistent Threats) and other system assaults?

E.

Does the insurance policy offer assurance in case of a strike? The strikes could focus on the organization, or the inadvertent blow-back might influence the organization. How does the safety net provider propose to deal with this?

F.

Does the safety net provider offer E&O assurance that caters for a damaging activity done unintentionally by a representative?

G.

For to what extent will the policy offer assurance against the danger of APTs?

To read more articles... Principles of Insurance.

How Do Insurance Companies Determine Insurance Coverage?

A cyber attack insurance provider anticipates that potential customers will have set up specific measures previously they can guarantee them. For instance, the purchaser must guarantee that they have completed a hazard assessment and made a point by point cyber chance profile. They additionally should have strong securities against potential cyber-assaults. The safety net provider will ask for that the purchaser teaches its workforce on the best security practices to counteract, control, or effectively withstand a cyber-assault.

The purchaser urge to counsel moral programmers with a view to getting an understanding on the purchaser's most helpless spots and how to ensure them also.

Cyber insurance purchasers might be solicited to give a nitty gritty review of their organization's methodology and practices. This will be to empower the backup plan to evaluate the helplessness levels of the organization. Back up plans may solicit companies to change a few perspectives from their regulatory practices in the event that they esteem to a danger.

Importance of Cyber Insurance Coverage for Businesses

Companies that in part or completely direct their organizations over the web need to contact a legitimate backup plan for a cyber-assault insurance policy also. This is on the grounds that such organizations stand the most serious danger struck and lose their benefits also. Measurements plainly demonstrate that cyber-assaults are in an upward direction.

A stunning perception: Assaulters are assaulting the private companies at a higher recurrence than anticipated. For instance, a report by two driving web security suppliers found that around 30% of the cyber-assaults recorded 2 years prior focused independent ventures. Shockingly, the assaults against private ventures expanded by 15% to 45% also a year ago. This in itself ought to be a reminder to private companies to protect their organizations against such assaults. The organization also assessed that the effect of cyber violations on the world's economy has soared to $580 billion every year, from the $350 billion experienced only a couple of years back.

The cost of a cyber insurance design is reliant on how the purchaser's business is composing. The business also manages the strategies and methods of the firm, the sort of administrations offered, and their hazard profile. Independent ventures with benefits of amongst $90,000 and $500,000 will have brought down premiums than bigger associations.

The impossibility arises due to a number of reasons

• Customer lock-in and first mover effects of vulnerable security products.
• Difficulty to measure risks resulting in challenges to designing pertinent risk removal solutions.
• The problem of a lemons market, whereby security vendors have no incentive to release robust products in the market.
• Liability shell games played by product vendors.
• User naiveness in optimally exploiting feature benefits of technical solutions.
• The scarce existence of sound technical solutions.
• Network users taking advantage of the positive security effects generated by other users' investments in security. In turn, themselves not investing in security and resulting in the free-riding problem.
• Difficulty in designing solutions catered to varied intentions behind network attacks.
• Misaligned incentives between network users, security product vendors, and regulatory authorities regarding protecting the network.

To read more article... Crop insurance or Agricultural Insurance sector.